Caracterização epidemiológica e fatores de risco associados à infecção por lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes na região do semiárido paraibano, Nordeste do Brasil / Epidemiological characterization and risk factors associated with lentivirus infection in small ruminants in the semiarid of Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a soroprevalência de lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes (LVPR) e identificar os fatores de risco para a ocorrência de caprinos e ovinos soropositivos no semiárido do Estado da Paraíba. Foram utilizados 1.733 animais, sendo 1.274 caprinos procedentes de 62 Unidades de Produção (UPs) e 459 ovinos provenientes de 32 UPs. Para o diagnóstico sorológico da infecção por lentivírus foi utilizado o teste de imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA). Dos 1.274 caprinos analisados 15 (1,18%) foram soropositivos, enquanto que todos os 459 ovinos foram soronegativos. Das 62 propriedades caprinas analisadas oito (12,9%) apresentaram pelo menos um animal soropositivo. Os fatores de risco para a ocorrência de caprinos soropositivos foram área da propriedade (odds ratio = 3,28; p = 0,044), ausência de capacitação dos produtores (odds ratio = 8,29; p = 0,042) e uso de monta natural não controlada (odds ratio = 6,78; p = 0,012). Conclui-se que a infecção por lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes, demonstrada pela detecção de anticorpos, está disseminada em rebanhos caprinos do semiá­rido paraibano, e sugere-se o incentivo à capacitação contínua dos produtores, manutenção de reprodutores negativos ao LVPR e utilização de inseminação artificial com o intuito de evitar o contato físico entre macho e fêmeas.(AU)

The aim of this survey was to determine the seroprevalence of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) and to identify risk factors for the occurrence of seropositive goats and sheep in the semiarid region of Paraiba State. It were used 1,733 animals, being 1,274 goats from 62 Production Units (PU) and 459 sheep from 38 PU. For the serological diagnosis of lentivirus infection the agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) was used. Of the 1,274 goats 15 (1.18%) were seropositive, and all 459 sheep were seronegative. Of the 62 goat herds eight (12.9%) presented at least one seropositive animal. Risk factors for the occurrence of seropositive goats were area of the property ≤35 ha (odds ratio = 3.28; p=0.044), not training of producers (odds ratio = 8.29; p=0.042) and use of uncontrolled natural mating (odds ratio = 6.78; p=0.012). It is concluded that lentivirus infection detected by serology is spread in goat flocks in the semiarid of the State of Paraíba, and it is suggested to encourage the continous capacitation of owners, maintenance of reproducers negative for SRLV and use of artificial insemination aiming to avoid the physical contact among male and females.(AU)

Interspecific transmission of small ruminant lentiviruses from goats to sheep

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the transmission of caprine lentivirus to sheep using different experimental groups. The first one (colostrum group) was formed by nine lambs receiving colostrum from goats positive for small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV). The second group (milk group) was established by nine lambs that received milk of these goats. Third was a control group, consisting of lambs that suckled colostrum and milk of negative mothers. Another experimental group (contact group) was formed by eight adult sheep, confined with two naturally infected goats. The groups were monitored by immunoblotting (IB), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR). All lambs that suckled colostrum and milk of infected goats and six sheep of the contact group had positive results in the nPCR, although seroconversion was detected only in three of the exposed animals, with no clinical lentiviruses manifestation, in 720 days of observation. There was a close relationship between viral sequences obtained from infected animals and the prototype CAEV-Cork. Thus, it was concluded that SRLV can be transmitted from goats to sheep, however, the degree of adaptation of the virus strain to the host species probably interferes with the infection persistence and seroconversion rate.

Soroprevalência e fatores associados à infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em caprinos de propriedades rurais do município de Mossoró, RN / Seroprevalence and factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection in goats on farms in the municipality of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

O município de Mossoró/RN, no Nordeste do Brasil, tem como destaque a criação de caprinos. A toxoplasmose é uma zoonose que é mais patogênico para os caprinos do que para os demais animais de abate. Em caprinos, o protozoário frequentemente é responsável por problemas reprodutivos e perdas econômicas. Com o objetivo de identificar a soroprevalência e os fatores de risco da toxoplasmose em caprinos de propriedades rurais do Município de Mossoró, amostras de soro de 338 animais (320 fêmeas e 18 machos) de 15 unidades produtoras foram testados pelo Ensaio Imunoenzimático (ELISA). Das 15 propriedades, 14 apresentaram animais soropositivos para toxoplasmose, e nestas o total de animais positivos foram de 125 (123 fêmeas e 2 machos), obtendo uma prevalência de 37,0%. Houve uma relação significativa (p<0,05) entre a prevalência e o sexo, e entre a prevalência e raça dos animais. As chances de ocorrer (OR) mais importantes associados à infecção por Toxoplasma gondii foram: fonte de água (OR=2,635), vasilhames para a água dos animais localizado fora das instalações da propriedade (OR=3,121) e a exploração do tipo leiteira (OR=2,546). Pela análise do ELISA de avidez, foram encontradas fêmeas em idade reprodutiva na fase aguda da infecção.

The municipality of Mossoró, RN, Northeastern Brazil, is featured on goat rearing. Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis which is more pathogenic for goats when compared with other animals for slaughter. In this species, the protozoan is often responsible for reproductive problems and economic losses. In order to identify the seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasmosis in goats of farms in this municipality, serum samples from 338 animals (320 females and 18 males) of 15 production units were tested by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Of the 15 farms, 14 had animals positive for Toxoplasma gondii, and in these the total number of seropositive animals were 125 (123 females and 2 males), yielding a prevalence of 37.0%. There was a significant relationship (p<0.05) between prevalence and sex, and between the prevalence and breed of animals. The most important risk factors associated with T. gondii infection were: water supply with odds ratio (OR=2.635), containers for water animals located outside the premises of property (OR=3.121) and the exploitation of dairy type (OR=2.546). For the analysis of the avidity ELISA, was found females of reproductive age in the acute phase of infection.